European Journal of Marketing and Economics
EJME is an open-access, peer-reviewed journal dedicated to recent research and studies in the field. EJME welcomes and acknowledges recent, high-quality theoretical and empirical original research papers, case studies, review articles, literature reviews, book reviews, conceptual frameworks, analytical and simulation models, and technical notes from researchers, academicians, professional and practitioners from all over the World.
The Influence of Spiritual Well-Being on Consumer Materialism: An Empirical Study from Turkey
Purpose: This study aims to investigate the relationship between spiritual well-being and materialism among consumers in Turkey, contributing to marketing literature and offering insights for developing effective marketing strategies. Design/methodology/approach: Data were collected in 2018 through an online survey from 1243 individuals aged 18 and above residing in Turkey. Spiritual well-being was measured using a 29-item scale with three sub-dimensions (transcendence, harmony with nature, and anomie), validated by Ekşi and Kardaş (2017). Materialism was assessed using a 6-item scale, validated by Richins (2004) and translated into Turkish by Tiltay (2014). The Cronbach's alpha coefficients were 0.890 for spiritual well-being and 0.767 for materialism, indicating good reliability. Findings: The results reveal that spiritual well-being significantly, albeit weakly, explains materialistic attitudes. Unexpectedly, transcendence and anomie, sub-dimensions of spiritual well-being, exhibited a positive (rather than negative) relationship with materialistic attitudes. Anomie was identified as the strongest predictor of materialistic attitudes. Conversely, harmony with nature showed no significant relationship with materialistic attitudes. Practical implications: The findings suggest that marketers should consider the complex interplay between spiritual beliefs and consumer materialism when formulating strategies, particularly in contexts like Turkey where specific spiritual dimensions may surprisingly correlate with materialistic tendencies.
Spiritual Well-Being, Consumer Materialism, Consumer Behavior, Transcendence, Anomie, Turkey
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The Nexus Between International Marketing Research and Innovation Capacity: Evidence from Turkish Exporters
A firm's ability to innovate is a cornerstone of sustained competitive advantage, but the mechanisms that drive this capacity are not uniformly understood, particularly in the context of international business. While internal factors like R&D investment and organizational culture are well-documented, the specific role of external market engagement remains underexplored. This study addresses that gap by examining the critical nexus between international marketing research and innovation capacity among Turkish firms that are active exporters. We argue that robust and systematic international marketing research serves as a prerequisite for leveraging global market opportunities to foster innovation, moving beyond a firm's established domestic routines. Using a qualitative research approach, we conducted in-depth interviews with key decision-makers and founders from a sample of exporters who are members of the Aegean Export Union in Izmir, Turkey. This methodology allowed for a nuanced exploration of the processes through which market intelligence gathered abroad directly influences a firm's capacity for product and process innovation. The findings reveal a multi-faceted process where international market insights lead to the identification of new customer needs and technological trends, which in turn stimulates internal innovation efforts. This research offers significant contributions by illuminating the dynamic interplay between a firm's market orientation in a global context and its ability to innovate, providing a detailed understanding of a key driver of competitive advantage for firms in emerging economies.
International Marketing Research, Innovation Capacity, Exporting, Market Orientation, Qualitative Research, Turkish Firms
The Integration of Business Ethics Principles into Corporate Governance and Director Liability: A Turkish Legal Perspective
This study explores the foundational relationship between business ethics principles and their practical integration into corporate governance frameworks, particularly examining the implications for director liability. Initially, the paper defines business ethics and elucidates its core principles, including integrity, fairness, trust, openness, and truthfulness. Subsequently, it analyzes various facets of business ethics, with a specific focus on its legal ramifications and the extent to which these ethical considerations have been codified into law. The study posits that business ethics significantly influences business law and corporate governance, becoming "legalized" through corporate codes of conduct. A central aim is to clarify the explicit mention of business ethics within Turkish law, particularly in the Code of Corporate Governance pertaining to public companies, and to discuss the legal impact of this regulation. This legal inclusion raises critical questions, notably whether ethical standards can serve as a direct source of liability for boards and directors. The paper then examines the intricate interrelation between ethical standards, corporate governance codes, and director liability. It concludes by illustrating how business ethics acts as a foundational concept, informing fields such as corporate governance, corporate social responsibility, director liability, and human rights in business (especially concerning employee working conditions), demonstrating its significant intersection with all these areas. Finally, the study clarifies the specific adoption of business ethics into the Turkish legal system and its impact on business practices.
Business Ethics, Corporate Governance, Director Liability, Ethical Principles, Turkish Law, Corporate Social Responsibility, Legal Integration
The Evolution of the Legal Environment for Marketing in Georgia: Focus on Consumer Protection and EU Harmonization
This article underscores the critical role of the legal framework in facilitating effective marketing activities, addressing emergent issues, and safeguarding consumer interests in Georgia. It traces the development of Georgia's business legal framework, with particular emphasis on legislative efforts subsequent to the signing and implementation of the Association Agreement with the European Union. The paper specifically analyzes key Georgian statutes pertinent to consumer rights protection, including the Code of Food Safety and Free Circulation, the Code of Food/Animal Fodder Safety, Veterinary and Plants Protection, the Law on Advertising, and various Technical Regulations concerning food product labeling and consumer information. A notable legislative gap is identified: the 2012 suspension of the Georgian Law on Protection of Consumers’ Rights, despite a prepared and published draft law, remains unaddressed. Based on this legal analysis, the author concludes that while effective legislation generally protects consumer rights in Georgia, the crucial challenge lies in enforcement. To this end, the article highlights the government's 2015 resolution on Food/Animal Fodder Safety State Control Rule, which mandates state oversight of relevant businesses to protect consumers. The ongoing process of refining Georgia's marketing-related legal foundation is also discussed.
Marketing Law, Consumer Protection, Legal Framework, Georgia, European Union Harmonization, Food Safety, Advertising Regulations
Non-Performing Loans in the Albanian Banking Sector During the Global Financial Crisis: A Client Group Analysis
The increase in Non-Performing Loans (NPLs) within the Albanian banking sector posed a significant challenge during the recent global economic crisis. This study investigates the specific drivers behind this issue and explores potential resolutions through an analysis of bank loans categorized by borrower groups. Given that the overall rise in business loans was largely attributed to loans extended to large enterprises, this segment forms the primary focus of the research. Based on a survey of bankers, key factors contributing to NPL growth include: financing unrealistic projects, borrowers' lack of robust corporate structures, lending decisions influenced by external factors or corruption, adverse impacts of certain government policies, intermittent unfair competition in specific sectors, declining commodity prices, and flawed external audits. A substantial majority (86%) of respondents identified more thorough client analysis, elimination of external influences and corruption in lending, government measures against unfair competition, improved corporate governance in borrowing entities, and more reliable external audits as effective remedies. However, 71% of bankers viewed the situation as typical given Albania's prevailing conditions. The study recommends that comprehensive and objective client assessments by banks, enhanced institutionalization and reliable external auditing for businesses, precise and timely government interventions against unfair competition, and the introduction of innovative financing methods will significantly mitigate the NPL problem.
Non-Performing Loans (NPLs), Albanian Banking Sector, Financial Crisis, Business Loans, Corporate Governance, Credit Risk Management
An Empirical Analysis of the Foreign Direct Investment and Economic Growth Relationship in Turkey
This paper investigates the long-term relationship between Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and economic growth in Turkey, emphasizing the strategic role of international capital flows in fostering national development. Rooted in economic theory that links FDI to GDP growth through knowledge spillovers, technology transfer, and productivity gains, the study analyzes time-series data from 1980 to 2017. The Johansen cointegration test confirms the presence of a stable long-run equilibrium relationship between FDI inflows and GDP, indicating that FDI has contributed to Turkey’s macroeconomic growth trajectory. In the short run, Granger causality analysis demonstrates a unidirectional causality running from FDI to GDP, reinforcing the view that foreign investment has functioned as a driver rather than merely a consequence of economic performance. These results underscore the importance of creating a favorable investment climate and targeting sectors that can maximize the developmental benefits of FDI. The paper offers valuable implications for policymakers and international investors seeking to understand the dynamics of growth in emerging markets and highlights the strategic importance of FDI in Turkey’s economic policy framework.
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), Economic Growth (GDP), Turkey, Cointegration, Granger Causality, Knowledge Spillovers, Technology Transfer
An Empirical Examination of the Export-Led Growth Hypothesis in Georgia: Evidence from a Transition Economy
Export-Led Growth (ELG), Economic Growth, Exports, Transition Economy, Georgia, Cointegration, Granger Causality
The Influence of Promotion on Marketing Decision-Making: A Case Study of Albtelecom & Eagle Mobile in Albania
This paper investigates the export-led growth (ELG) hypothesis within the context of Georgia, a transition economy seeking deeper integration into global markets. The ELG theory suggests that economic growth is driven by increasing export activity, which enhances market access and competitiveness. For Georgia, the twin forces of economic liberalization and European integration present a timely opportunity to leverage exports as a catalyst for sustainable development. Utilizing annual time series data from 1990 to 2016, the study applies the Engle-Granger cointegration technique and Granger causality tests to evaluate long-term and short-term relationships between exports and GDP growth. Empirical results reveal the existence of at least one cointegrating vector, confirming a stable long-run equilibrium relationship between exports and economic growth. Moreover, bidirectional causality is identified, indicating mutual reinforcement between export activity and GDP growth. These findings underscore the importance of adopting export-oriented strategies and market diversification policies to support Georgia’s economic trajectory. The study provides critical insights for policymakers, investors, and international trade bodies interested in leveraging exports as a core pillar of economic development in emerging and transitioning markets.
Marketing Decision-Making, Promotion Mix, Telecommunication Industry, Case Study, Albania, Consumer Behavior
Exploring the Potential of Affiliate Marketing for Online News Portals in Albania
This paper explores the strategic and economic potential of affiliate marketing as a revenue-generating model for online news portals in Albania. As traditional advertising revenues decline, media organizations increasingly seek alternative monetization methods compatible with the digital landscape. Affiliate marketing—a performance-based model where publishers earn commissions for directing traffic or sales to advertisers—presents a scalable, low-risk opportunity for digital media platforms. Focusing on prominent Albanian news websites, the study investigates how affiliate strategies can be effectively implemented to enhance business sustainability while preserving editorial integrity. Key research questions include identifying the most appropriate affiliate models (CPC, CPA, CPL), determining content formats best suited for affiliate integration, and evaluating the readiness of Albanian digital infrastructure and audience behavior for such models. Using a descriptive research methodology and qualitative insights from local market practices, the findings suggest that affiliate marketing offers viable revenue diversification potential for Albanian media. However, success depends on transparency, audience trust, and alignment between content and commercial partnerships. The study provides actionable recommendations for digital media entrepreneurs, marketing strategists, and policy stakeholders aiming to foster innovation and economic resilience in Albania’s online media sector.
Affiliate Marketing, Online News Portals, Digital Media Strategy, Performance Marketing, Albania, E-commerce Potential
Determinants of Consumer Switching Behavior Towards Hybrid Electric Vehicles in Jordan: A Customer Perspective
Purpose: This paper investigates the key factors influencing Jordanian consumers' decisions to switch from Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles (ICEVs) to Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) during the period of 2010-2014. Design/methodology/approach: A self-administered survey was distributed to car users across Jordan, yielding 333 valid responses from an initial sample of 400, demonstrating a high response rate of 83.25%. Findings: The study found no significant gender-based difference in switching behavior. Fuel consumption efficiency emerged as the primary driver for switching to HEVs, followed by eco-friendliness, lower taxes, and advanced technological features. Conversely, price and market trends were the least influential supporting factors. Major impediments to HEV adoption included concerns about battery life, limited market choices, insufficient information, and apprehension regarding the relatively new technology. Research limitations/Implications: Future research should explore additional factors such as perceived image, trust, and subjective norms, along with the evolving importance of environmental awareness and new technologies. Comparative international studies could offer valuable insights for cross-cultural consumer behavior analysis and global marketing strategies. Practical implications: The findings provide crucial insights for marketers to address consumer concerns by enhancing information dissemination and building awareness about HEV technology's societal and environmental benefits. Originality/value: This study is among the first in Jordan to specifically examine customer switching behavior in the context of vehicle technology. It contributes to consumer behavior literature by elucidating the determinants of switching towards hybrid vehicles and their role in the consumer decision-making process.
Consumer Switching Behavior, Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs), Vehicle Adoption, Consumer Decision Making, Jordan, Automotive Market
Fiscal Expenditure and Education Quality in China: A Regional Heterogeneity Analysis
This study analyzes the impact of fiscal expenditure on education quality across Chinese provinces, focusing on the regional heterogeneity of policy effectiveness. Utilizing panel data from 2008 to 2016 and applying a two-way fixed effects model, we identify a consistent and significant positive relationship between fiscal input—particularly education-specific spending—and provincial education outcomes. This association remains robust after controlling for economic growth, industrial structure, and demographic factors. To capture spatial variations, the dataset is disaggregated into eastern and non-eastern (western and central) regions. The heterogeneity analysis reveals that fiscal expenditure yields stronger improvements in education quality in non-eastern provinces, where government spending appears to be a more efficient and impactful tool for human capital development. In contrast, fiscal inputs in more economically advanced eastern regions have a limited marginal effect on educational outcomes, implying diminishing returns and the potential necessity for non-monetary or structural reforms. These findings underscore the importance of regionally tailored policy design in maximizing the returns on public investment in education and highlight fiscal policy as a strategic lever in addressing regional disparities in human development.
Fiscal Expenditure, Education Quality, China, Regional Disparity, Panel Data, Policy Efficiency
From Waste to Value: The Economic Impact of Circular Economy Practices on SDG Achievement in Spain’s Tire Industry
This study explores the intersection of circular economy practices and sustainable development within the framework of stakeholder theory, emphasizing the strategic importance of waste valorization for achieving long-term socio-economic objectives. Focusing on the case of used tires in Spain, the research evaluates how public and private sector actors contribute to the implementation of circular economy policies and their alignment with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Drawing on recent developments in industrial ecology and sustainable waste management, the paper analyzes the value generated through tire recycling initiatives, considering both environmental outcomes and economic returns. The role of stakeholder collaboration—across government bodies, manufacturers, and recycling firms—is critically examined to assess how these efforts collectively impact specific SDGs. Findings indicate significant progress in areas such as responsible consumption, climate action, and innovation, while also identifying gaps in regulatory coordination and infrastructure. This case demonstrates how the circular economy can serve as a catalyst for sustainable industrial transformation and provides insights for policymakers and industry leaders aiming to integrate sustainability into economic planning.
Circular Economy, Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), Waste Management, Tire Recycling, Stakeholder Engagement, Spain, Industrial Ecology
The Role of Networking and Institutional Support in the International Performance of Bulgarian Enterprises
This study examines how networking and institutional support mechanisms influence the international performance and competitiveness of Bulgarian enterprises, with a particular focus on small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Drawing on data from a nationally representative survey, the analysis accounts for firm-level differences in size, sector, location, ownership structure (family vs. non-family), and entrepreneur characteristics such as age and gender. The research investigates how participation in business networks contributes to access to public support services, knowledge exchange, and strategic partnerships that facilitate internationalization. It also explores the extent to which personal attributes of entrepreneurs correlate with both network engagement and the likelihood of seeking institutional support. Findings suggest that active involvement in formal and informal networks, coupled with targeted institutional backing, significantly enhances the international competitiveness of SMEs. Based on these results, the paper proposes actionable policy and managerial recommendations to improve the internationalization readiness of Bulgarian enterprises. These insights contribute to the broader understanding of how non-market mechanisms and institutional infrastructure can shape economic performance in emerging markets.
Networking, Institutional Support, Internationalization, SME Performance, Entrepreneurial Characteristics, Bulgaria
Factors Influencing Creditworthiness and Loan Repayment Among Small-Holder Farmers in Sri Lanka: A Probit Model Analysis
This study investigates the determinants of creditworthiness and loan repayment performance among 113 small-holder agricultural loan borrowers from the SANASA TCCS in five villages within Sri Lanka's Vavuniya district. Using a structured questionnaire, primary data was collected during 2018/2019. The study employs a binary probit model, with creditworthiness defined as a binary variable (1 for defaulters, 0 for non-defaulters), examining its relationship with demographic, farming, and farmer attribute variables. Descriptive statistics reveal that 43.4% of respondents were defaulters, while 56.6% were non-defaulters. Probit model results indicate several significant factors influencing repayment performance. Among demographic characteristics, age, education level, and number of family members positively impacted repayment. For farming characteristics, income, farm size, land ownership, farming experience, engagement in off-farm activities, loan purpose, and perceived possibility of crop failure positively influenced creditworthiness and repayment at varying significance levels. Additionally, farmers' knowledge about the loan terms and the presence of responsible guarantors were crucial farmer attributes affecting repayment. These findings offer valuable insights for both small-holder farmers and microfinance institutions, enabling better prediction of repayment behavior among new loan applicants and informing future lending decisions.
Creditworthiness, Loan Repayment, Smallholder Farmers, Probit Model, Microfinance, Sri Lanka
Shaping Consumer Preferences: The Role of a Portuguese State-Owned Company in Fish Nutritional Education
A fundamental human need is ensuring an adequate diet for energy and metabolic function. This paper examines Docapesca – Portos e Lotas, SA, a Portuguese state-owned company in the fish sector, highlighting its proactive role in consumer nutritional education, a strategy with significant marketing and economic implications. Portugal's high fish consumption, ranking third globally, underscores the importance of this initiative, given fish's rich nutritional profile including high-quality protein, essential vitamins A and D, and vital Omega-3 fatty acids. While Docapesca's core functions include organizing the first sale of fish on mainland Portugal and supporting the fishing harbor sector, a key objective is to influence consumer preferences through nutritional education and knowledge transfer regarding healthy food and diet. This encompasses social responsibility, quality assurance, societal cooperation, and environmental stewardship as integral to its mission. Drawing on privileged state information and in-depth interviews with key decision-makers, this study analyzes Docapesca's strategies. Findings, based on data from the entire Portuguese population with a focus on younger generations (16-34 years old), reveal a profound shift in consumer perception: Portuguese consumers now view fish as more than a commodity, recognizing its enhanced value stemming from Docapesca's educational efforts. This demonstrates how state-led initiatives can positively shape market demand and consumer behavior for health-promoting products.
Consumer Behavior, Nutritional Marketing, Public Policy, Food Economics, Brand Perception, State-Owned Enterprises, Fish Market
Financial Governance and Strategic Planning for Sustainable NGO Operations
Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) play a vital role in addressing societal challenges, yet their long-term viability depends critically on effective financial governance. This study examines the intersection of economic management and organizational sustainability in the NGO sector, where constrained resources, donor dependency, and limited financial expertise often create operational vulnerabilities. Through an analysis of financial practices across 42 NGOs in transitional economies, we identify three fundamental pillars of sustainable financial governance: (1) strategic resource allocation systems, (2) risk-aware fiscal policies, and (3) transparency-enhancing mechanisms. Our findings demonstrate that NGOs implementing integrated financial planning frameworks achieve 28-35% greater budgetary efficiency and report 40% fewer compliance incidents compared to peers relying on ad hoc approaches. Case evidence reveals that the most sustainable organizations employ four key strategies: diversified funding portfolios (adopted by 62% of high-performing NGOs), digital financial monitoring tools (55%), staff financial capacity-building programs (48%), and stakeholder-inclusive budgeting processes (41%). These practices collectively reduce external funding dependency by 22% while improving donor confidence metrics by 37 percentage points. The study develops a diagnostic toolkit for assessing NGO financial health across five dimensions: liquidity resilience, cost-effectiveness, reporting quality, internal controls, and strategic alignment. We argue that institutionalizing these financial governance principles enables NGOs to amplify their social impact while navigating the complex trade-offs between mission focus and fiscal responsibility. Practical recommendations are offered for policymakers, donors, and NGO leaders seeking to strengthen the economic foundations of civil society organizations.
NGO sustainability, financial governance, nonprofit management, strategic budgeting, fiscal transparency, donor relations, resource optimization, organizational resilience
The Hidden Costs of Workaholism: Economic and Psychological Consequences in Micro Family Businesses
This study examines the dual economic and psychological effects of workaholism in micro-sized, family-owned enterprises (1–9 employees). Drawing on 64 in-depth qualitative interviews with multi-generational family business owners, selected through quota sampling, we uncover pervasive workaholic behaviors—including excessive work hours (reported by 78% of respondents), emotional dependency on business performance (65%), and blurred work-life boundaries (57%). These tendencies generate significant economic trade-offs: while short-term dedication may drive productivity, long-term consequences include heightened volatility (22% greater fluctuations in output) and strained employee relations (35% higher turnover rates). Psychologically, compulsive work habits correlate with burnout and impaired strategic decision-making, undermining both personal well-being and organizational resilience. Our analysis reveals a self-reinforcing cycle where workaholism, often perceived as entrepreneurial commitment, inadvertently jeopardizes business sustainability. To counter this, we propose a three-pronged intervention framework emphasizing (1) structured work-hour boundaries, (2) performance detachment techniques, and (3) proactive succession planning. These strategies aim to preserve entrepreneurial vigor while mitigating systemic risks. The study advances the discourse on mental health in small business economics, offering empirically grounded recommendations for family enterprises and policymakers seeking to balance productivity with sustainable management practices.
workaholism, micro-family businesses, entrepreneurial well-being, small business sustainability, work-life balance, compulsive entrepreneurship, psychological economics
The Economics of Leadership: Personality-Driven Management Styles in Serbian Organizations
This study investigates the economic implications of managerial personality traits on leadership effectiveness within Serbia's evolving business landscape. Analyzing survey data from 160 Serbian managers across hierarchical levels and sectors using the Serbian NEO Personality Inventory and Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire, we demonstrate significant relationships between personality dimensions and leadership styles. Extraversion emerges as a strong positive predictor of transformational leadership (β = 0.42, p < 0.01), suggesting that more extroverted managers excel in inspirational and visionary leadership roles. Conversely, neuroticism shows a negative association with leadership effectiveness (β = -0.31, p < 0.05), potentially impairing decision-making under pressure. Conscientiousness significantly influences transactional leadership approaches (β = 0.38, p < 0.01), highlighting its role in structured, goal-oriented management. Perhaps most notably, managers scoring low in agreeableness demonstrate greater tendencies toward laissez-faire leadership (β = -0.27, p < 0.05), which may lead to passive management styles. These findings carry important economic implications for organizational performance in transitional economies. The demonstrated personality-leadership linkages suggest that personality-aware HR strategies could optimize leadership development programs and managerial selection processes. Specifically, our results indicate that cultivating transformational leadership potential in extroverted candidates while providing targeted support for neuroticism-related challenges may enhance organizational outcomes. The study contributes to leadership economics literature by empirically validating personality-based approaches in the under-researched Serbian context, offering actionable insights for both academic research and business practice.
Big Five personality traits, transformational leadership, transactional leadership, laissez-faire leadership, managerial effectiveness, Serbia, organizational economics, HR strategy
The Political Economy of Precarious Knowledge Work: Regulatory Shifts and Labor Market Vulnerability
This study advances a critical institutional analysis of how labor market deregulation and economic restructuring interact to produce precarious conditions in knowledge-intensive sectors. Building on cultural political economy frameworks, we develop an original conceptual model that integrates: (1) macroeconomic drivers of labor flexibilization, (2) meso-level regulatory changes, and (3) micro-level experiences of cognitive workers. Our analysis reveals three systemic mechanisms driving precariatization: the financialization of employment relations (affecting 68% of surveyed knowledge workers), the platformization of professional services (53%), and the erosion of collective bargaining coverage (down 42% since 2000 in OECD countries). Through 47 in-depth interviews with academic and communication sector workers, we identify four paradoxes of knowledge precarity: high skill utilization with income instability (reported by 72% of respondents), professional autonomy coupled with contractual insecurity (65%), technological connectivity alongside social isolation (58%), and career visibility with limited upward mobility (61%). The study demonstrates how these contradictions emerge from the intersection of neoliberal labor reforms and digital capitalism's economic imperatives. We propose a regulatory framework centered on three pillars: portable benefits systems, algorithmic accountability standards, and sectoral bargaining innovations—showing how such measures could reduce precarity while maintaining labor market flexibility in knowledge economies.
precarious knowledge work, labor market deregulation, cognitive capitalism, platform economy, employment relations, institutional analysis, gigification of work, professional precarity
The Economic Multiplier Effect of EU Cohesion Policy: Evidence from Portugal's Alentejo Region (2014-2020)
This study provides a comprehensive assessment of the economic multiplier effects generated by European Structural and Investment Funds (ESIF) in Portugal's Alentejo region during the 2014-2020 programming period. Through a novel application of regional input-output analysis, we quantify how €1.28 billion in ESIF allocations stimulated complementary investments across seven strategic domains: (1) infrastructure modernization (32% of total), (2) cultural/natural heritage (18%), (3) energy efficiency (15%), (4) ICT deployment (12%), (5) R&D initiatives (11%), (6) urban rehabilitation (7%), and (7) mobility improvements (5%). Our findings demonstrate robust multiplier effects ranging from 1.25-1.50x, with sectoral variations revealing highest returns in ICT (1.72x) and R&D (1.68x) versus more modest infrastructure impacts (1.19x). The analysis identifies three key transmission channels: (i) crowding-in of private capital (accounting for 38% of induced investment), (ii) intermunicipal cooperation effects (27%), and (iii) supply-chain linkages (35%). Spatial econometric techniques further reveal that funds targeting urban centers generated 22% greater spillovers than rural allocations. These results provide empirical support for cohesion policy's effectiveness in peripheral regions, while suggesting refinements to optimize future fund allocation—particularly through enhanced focus on knowledge-economy investments and improved rural-urban synergies.
EU cohesion policy, regional multipliers, input-output analysis, Alentejo region, structural funds effectiveness, territorial development, investment crowding-in, H2020 impacts
Regulating Global Business: The Economic Governance Potential of Corporate Codes of Conduct
This study critically examines the evolving role of corporate codes of conduct as instruments of economic governance for multinational enterprises (MNEs) in an era of globalization. Through comparative analysis of 37 international regulatory initiatives—with particular focus on United Nations frameworks—the research identifies three persistent implementation gaps: (1) voluntary vs. binding compliance mechanisms (affecting 78% of existing codes), (2) jurisdictional conflicts in enforcement (noted in 63% of cases), and (3) economic incentive misalignment (reported by 56% of surveyed firms). The paper evaluates the OECD Guidelines and sector-specific charters through an economic governance lens, demonstrating how effective codes can reduce market failures by 22-35% when incorporating measurable compliance incentives. Case studies of Fortune 500 companies reveal that robust codes enhance foreign direct investment flows by 18-27% in developing markets while improving stakeholder confidence indices by 32-41 points. The analysis develops a novel compliance matrix assessing four economic dimensions: competitive equity (addressed in only 29% of current codes), supply chain accountability (43%), fiscal transparency (37%), and sustainable investment (51%). The findings support a policy framework where economically-calibrated codes complement traditional legal measures, proposing twelve actionable standards to strengthen transnational corporate governance.
transnational corporations, corporate codes of conduct, global economic governance, compliance incentives, OECD Guidelines, UN frameworks, responsible business conduct, regulatory effectiveness
Reengaging Italy's NEET Generation: A Critical Pedagogical Approach to Economic Empowerment
This study presents an innovative pedagogical framework for addressing Italy's persistent NEET (Not in Education, Employment, or Training) crisis through the integration of critical adult education principles and psychosocial intervention methods. Combining discourse analysis of policy narratives with action research, the investigation reveals a fundamental mismatch between institutional approaches and NEETs' lived realities - where 23.1% of Italian youth aged 15-29 fall into this category. The research documents an alternative intervention model tested through social dreaming workshops with 47 NEET participants in Milan's social services system. These sessions, analyzing 142 dream narratives, uncovered three key empowerment barriers: (1) spatial segregation from opportunity networks (reported by 68% of participants), (2) internalized stigma (57%), and (3) discontinuous educational histories (82%). The workshops' dialogic methodology generated four concrete empowerment strategies: peer mentoring circles, skills mapping exercises, community asset mobilization, and biographical reflection practices. Quantitative pre/post assessments showed significant improvements in self-efficacy (42% increase) and labor market orientation (37% increase). The study argues for a paradigm shift from deficit-based to capability-oriented approaches, demonstrating how participatory pedagogies that center youth narratives can transform NEET policies from crisis management to sustainable empowerment.
NEET youth, critical pedagogy, economic empowerment, social dreaming, participatory action research, Italian labor market, adult education, psychosocial interventions
Developing Entrepreneurial Competencies in Multicultural Teams: An Evaluation of the ECMT+ Educational Model
This study evaluates the effectiveness of multicultural entrepreneurship education through the Erasmus+ ECMT+ (Entrepreneurship and Communication in Multicultural Teams) program. As globalization intensifies, higher education must equip students with both entrepreneurial competencies and intercultural collaboration skills. The research examines learning outcomes from a two-week intensive program involving 48 participants from 14 countries across 7 European institutions, hosted at Karelia University. Using a mixed-methods approach combining pre/post quantitative surveys (N=48) and qualitative analysis of reflective essays (N=32), we assess three key dimensions: (1) development of entrepreneurial mindsets, (2) intercultural team dynamics, and (3) application of innovative teaching methodologies. Results indicate significant improvements in entrepreneurial self-efficacy (72% of participants), with 85% reporting enhanced ability to navigate cultural differences in business contexts. The study identifies four success factors: project-based learning in diverse teams, structured reflection exercises, real-world business challenges, and digital collaboration via the Claroline Connect platform. Our findings contribute to the design of effective multicultural entrepreneurship education by demonstrating how experiential learning in culturally diverse teams accelerates the development of crucial twenty-first century skills. The paper concludes with recommendations for optimizing similar programs and a proposed framework for assessing intercultural entrepreneurial competencies.
Entrepreneurship education, intercultural competence, multicultural teams, experiential learning, Erasmus+, entrepreneurial mindset, higher education innovation, collaborative learning
The Gender Dynamics of Facebook Commerce: Exploring Adoption Drivers Among French Women
This study examines the emerging phenomenon of Facebook Commerce (F-commerce) through a gender-specific lens, focusing on French female consumers' adoption patterns. As social commerce transforms traditional e-commerce by integrating peer-to-peer influence mechanisms, we investigate how women navigate the intersection of social media interactions and purchasing decisions. Our research employs a mixed-methods approach combining a survey of 327 French female e-shoppers with an in-depth case analysis of La Redoute's F-commerce initiatives. Findings reveal three critical adoption drivers: (1) relational trust in recommenders (reported by 68% of respondents), (2) perceived enhancement of social capital (noted by 57%), and (3) value congruence with personal shopping identities (identified by 72%). The study uncovers that French women demonstrate 42% higher engagement with peer recommendations compared to algorithmic suggestions, particularly for fashion (78% of transactions) and beauty products (65%). However, 63% express reservations about overt promotional content in social feeds, preferring subtle, experience-based endorsements. We develop a framework mapping the social commerce acceptance journey, highlighting how trust-building phases and community validation moderate purchase intent. These insights offer retailers actionable strategies for designing gender-sensitive F-commerce experiences that balance social connectivity with commercial objectives in the French market.
Social commerce adoption, Facebook marketing, gender and technology, peer influence, digital consumer behavior, French e-commerce, trust in social media, women's shopping preferences
Strategic Subcontracting as a Growth Lever: Enhancing Competitiveness for Industrial SMEs
This study examines how strategic subcontracting relationships serve as a critical growth mechanism for industrial small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), enabling them to overcome inherent size limitations and compete effectively in global value chains. Through a mixed-methods approach combining meta-analysis of 47 empirical studies, survey data from 213 European industrial SMEs, and in-depth case studies, we demonstrate how enduring buyer-supplier partnerships create mutual value. Our findings reveal that SMEs engaged in strategic subcontracting achieve 22-35% higher productivity growth and 18-27% greater innovation output compared to non-participating peers. The research identifies six partnership pillars that drive success: (1) minimum 3-year contractual commitments, (2) reciprocal technology sharing, (3) joint R&D investments, (4) aligned performance incentives, (5) integrated planning systems, and (6) risk-sharing mechanisms. These collaborative frameworks help SMEs access advanced production technologies (reported by 68% of respondents), stabilize revenue streams (reducing demand volatility by 40-55%), and penetrate premium market segments (53% of case study firms). The study develops a maturity model for SME subcontracting capabilities, showing how progressive relationship development correlates with enhanced operational resilience and value chain positioning. We conclude with evidence-based policy recommendations for fostering SME participation in industrial ecosystems and practical guidelines for building high-value subcontracting partnerships.
SME growth strategies, industrial subcontracting, collaborative innovation, value chain integration, partnership ecosystems, resource complementarity, manufacturing networks, competitive resilience
Customer Experience as a Supply Chain Differentiator: Economic Impacts in E-Business Ecosystems
The digital transformation of commerce has elevated customer experience from a peripheral concern to a central driver of supply chain competitiveness. This study empirically investigates the economic implications of customer-centric supply chain management in e-business environments. Utilizing primary data from top-tier online retailers and logistics operators, we analyze three critical performance dimensions: (1) operational efficiency metrics (order fulfillment speed, service reliability), (2) financial outcomes (cost structures, revenue growth), and (3) customer equity indicators (return rates, lifetime value). Our findings challenge conventional trade-off models by demonstrating how strategic investments in supply chain responsiveness and real-time transparency generate compound returns—simultaneously enhancing customer satisfaction (by 28-35% in our sample) and profitability margins (by 12-18%). The research identifies three transformative practices: predictive logistics modeling, dynamic inventory positioning, and returns management integration, which collectively enable firms to reconcile service excellence with cost efficiency. We present a framework for value-based supply chain design that aligns operational capabilities with evolving digital consumer expectations, offering practitioners actionable insights for building sustainable competitive advantage in platform-driven markets.
customer experience management, e-business supply chains, digital logistics, operational responsiveness, service-profit chain, omnichannel retailing, supply chain economics, consumer-centric logistics
The Economic Value of Statistical Quality Control: Cost Reduction and Competitive Advantage in Manufacturing
In modern manufacturing, quality has transitioned from a technical necessity to a strategic economic asset. This study examines how statistical quality control (SQC) drives measurable financial benefits by reducing defects, minimizing waste, and enhancing process efficiency. Focusing on two fundamental statistical techniques—parameter estimation and hypothesis testing—we demonstrate their pivotal role in identifying process variations and validating improvements. Through practical examples, we illustrate how confidence intervals precisely locate quality deviations, while hypothesis tests confirm the effectiveness of corrective measures, enabling optimal resource allocation. Our analysis quantifies both direct cost savings (e.g., reduced scrap, rework, and warranty claims) and indirect economic gains (e.g., improved customer satisfaction and market positioning). The results show that implementing rigorous SQC protocols delivers rapid return on investment (ROI) and fosters long-term competitive advantage. We argue that integrating statistical methods into production workflows is not merely a quality initiative but a strategic economic decision that enhances sustainable performance. The paper concludes with actionable insights for manufacturers seeking to leverage SQC for financial and operational excellence.
statistical quality control, manufacturing economics, cost reduction, process optimization, hypothesis testing, parameter estimation, competitive advantage, ROI
Service Innovation for Sustainable Urban Electromobility: A Systemic Approach to Economic and Social Adoption
The transition to urban electromobility faces significant challenges in regions with underdeveloped public transport infrastructure. This study investigates how service innovation can drive economically sustainable adoption by integrating technical solutions with stakeholder collaboration and user engagement. Through a systemic-relational framework, we collaborated with municipalities, industry partners, and academic institutions to develop and test solutions across four critical dimensions: (1) scalable charging infrastructure, (2) innovative business models, (3) multi-actor coordination mechanisms, and (4) socio-cultural acceptance strategies. A case study in a mid-sized German city demonstrates that combining technical deployment with value-added services not only reduces operational costs but also unlocks new revenue streams and shifts mobility behaviors. A key finding is the "flow factor"—emotional engagement through experiential marketing and user-centric design—which significantly boosts adoption rates and usage intensity. Our analysis highlights the necessity of aligned policy incentives, strategic investment frameworks, and cross-sector partnerships to build resilient electromobility ecosystems. The paper concludes with actionable recommendations for policymakers and industry leaders to accelerate sustainable urban mobility through service-driven innovation.
service innovation, urban electromobility, sustainable mobility, business model innovation, stakeholder collaboration, charging infrastructure, behavioral adoption, flow factor
Adaptive Organizational Change Management: A Risk-Responsive Framework for Economic Uncertainty
In an era of heightened economic volatility, effective risk management has become a cornerstone of organizational resilience and strategic agility. This study investigates how external market disruptions and internal operational complexities influence the selection and efficacy of change-management approaches. By systematically analyzing risk-assessment frameworks, we reveal how aligning an organization’s risk profile with its resources, capabilities, and strategic objectives enables the development of tailored action plans—mitigating threats while leveraging emerging opportunities. The research highlights the critical interplay between corporate strategy, organizational culture, firm size, and partnership networks, demonstrating their collective impact on the success of change initiatives. Building on diagnostic insights, we propose a risk-responsive organizational development model designed to enhance adaptability and ensure sustainable transformation. Our findings provide leaders with a structured roadmap for embedding economic risk analysis into every phase of change management, fostering resilience in dynamic business environments.
Strategic Alliances and Competitive Synergy: Enhancing Global Startup Growth Through Cooperation and Coopetition
Startups are pivotal drivers of economic innovation, yet achieving sustainable growth remains a significant challenge. In Poland, while 50% of startups operate domestically, those that export generate over 50% of their revenue abroad, with 60% entering global markets at inception. Key export destinations include EU states (54%), particularly the UK (14%) and Germany (9%), while only 25% target the US. Since 2008, the US has been surpassed in startup success by countries like Denmark, Sweden, Israel, and New Zealand. Concurrently, business closures now exceed new ventures in both Poland and the US. This study argues that strategic cooperation and coopetition—collaborative yet competitive interactions—can enhance market entry, resource efficiency, and survival rates. Through empirical analysis and case studies, we propose actionable frameworks for startups to leverage alliances, mitigate risks, and optimize global competitiveness. Findings underscore the transformative potential of inter-firm collaboration in scaling startups amid evolving economic landscapes.
startup growth, cooperation, coopetition, global expansion, export strategies, strategic alliances, competitive synergy, international markets