European Journal of Marketing and Economics
EJME is an open-access, peer-reviewed journal dedicated to recent research and studies in the field. EJME welcomes and acknowledges recent, high-quality theoretical and empirical original research papers, case studies, review articles, literature reviews, book reviews, conceptual frameworks, analytical and simulation models, and technical notes from researchers, academicians, professional and practitioners from all over the World.
Change Management and the Role of Leadership in Facilitating Organizational Change in Corporate Takeovers
Facilitating organizational change depends to a great extent on the ability of the management team to coordinate the amendments related to a recent merger with another organization or to the takeover of a medium-sized company by a multinational organization. Change management is one of the most discussed topics in the study of organizations; modern companies that are constantly subjected to significant changes in order to adapt to market requirements need a management capable of developing the capacity to solve atypical problems and improve performance across their enterprises. In this regard, change management is the organization's orientation towards continuous development to improve results. This paper focuses on explaining the managerial role in modern organizations through the conceptual definition of management and by defining the principal element in organizational implementation, namely leadership. An organization can be brought to a desired status - significantly different from the actual one- only through optimum management of the change process; change management can thus be represented as the process of adapting the organization to the requirements imposed by an outside entity - in this case, a multinational organization that requires a different set of rules and procedures. This can be achieved through the development of leadership skills in management, in order to facilitate the change process specific to any takeover or corporate merger. The paper seeks to circumscribe leadership as a central element in facilitating the transition of the organization by acquiring and retaining organizational commitment. The new directions of leadership research as a reference for conceptual change management is defined respectively as transformational leadership and transactional leadership (Riaz and Haider, 2010).
change, management, leadership, facilitating, organizational, change, corporate, takeovers
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The Impact of Carbon Tax Application on the Economy and Environment of Indonesia
As the most efficient market with a mitigation instrument basis, carbon tax is highly recommended by economists and international organizations. This paper examines the impact of implementing carbon tax policy on value of change in GDP, GDP Quantity Index, Government Household Demand, Private Household Demand, and CO2 emission effects in Indonesia by using the dynamic energy Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model. This study used GTAP-E that was part of GTAP 9 in 2011. GTAP-E consists of 140 countries and 57 sectors aggregated into eleven regions and eight sectors. There were three scenarios of carbon tax used in this paper that were China, Singapore, and India. The result shows that both GDP and GDP index have a negative impact due to the carbon tax of US $20/tCO2, US$ 10/tCO2, and US $1.60/t CO2. The greater the application of the carbon tax is, the greater the decrease of values of GDP, Government Household Demand, Private Household Demand towards carbon tax policies in Indonesia are. The negative impact of carbon tax is greater for the Private Household Demand that is indicated by all commodities except crude oil has decreasing demand from baseline scenario (no tax). While in the Government Household Demand, agriculture sector, crude oil, refined oil product, and other industries, carbon tax has a positive impact. In the environmental facet, if the carbon tax in Indonesia is implemented in accordance with the above simulation, then it appears that carbon tax can reduce emissions of CO2.
Carbon Tax, GDP, Government Household Demand, Private Household Demand, CO2 Emissions, GTAP-E
Short-Term Impact of the EU-Japan EPA: The Case of Wine Exports from France, Italy, and Spain to Japan
In February 2019, the Economic Partnership Agreement between the European Union and Japan was enforced, liberalising most of the bilateral trade. For example, Japan eliminated the duties on European products such as chemicals, textiles, clothing and wine immediately upon entry into force of the agreement. In this study, we attempt to quantify the short-term effect of the EPA on European wine exports to Japan. We fit a seasonal auto regressive integrated moving average (SARIMA) model to the monthly exports of wine from France, Italy, and Spain to Japan up to the month prior to the activation of the EU – Japan EPA. Subsequently, we use the estimated models to forecast twelve months ahead starting from February 2019, i.e., from the first month of implementation of the EU – Japan EPA. Finally, we compare the forecasts with the observed values for the same period. The results show that our forecasts do not outperform the observed values. Consequently, we conclude that the positive difference between the observed values and the forecast is due to the effect of the agreement.
SARIMA, outliers, EU – Japan EPA, forecasts
Financial Analysis and Bankruptcy Risk Identification Model Used by Companies Operating in Poland – Empirical Study Results
Financial analysis and bankruptcy risk assessment models are applied to assess an economic position and to identify risks to business activity. The assessment is conducted based on data from financial statements which in Poland can be prepared in accordance with both domestic and international accounting standards. Bankruptcy risk identification models which based on historical or prospective data allow identifying a probability of such an event started to appear in Poland a few years following the political changes of 1989. Currently, there are over 15 models developed by different authors and described in detail in the literature. The aim of this article is to present the results of an empirical study (survey study) on the application of financial analysis and bankruptcy risk identification models which was conducted among the largest Polish companies. The study results show that Polish companies apply tools of financial analysis to assess the economic position not only of their own entity, but also competition and business partners, and bankruptcy risk assessment models developed according to and adjusted to the Polish economic circumstances.
financial analysis, bankruptcy risk identification models, financial statements, survey study,
Management Accounting Maturity Levels Continuum Model: a Conceptual Framework
Until now, in the financial domain, there were only few attempts made to develop maturity models – a useful tool to identify strengths and weaknesses of certain domains of an organization. The aim of this paper is to present a maturity model for management accounting. The method used to develop the model is an interpretive approach, in which an exploratory sequential mixed method research design was applied to broadly explore and understand data on management accounting systems in various settings and in its historical perspective. This study extends my previous research on development of management accounting and financial leadership (Lebedev, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2018, 2019b, 2019a). The framework traces 10 prototype roles of management accounting along their continuum of maturity (from “non-existent” to “strategic leadership”). Each maturity level reflects the extent to which management accounting creates value for its users based on the support provided for “conversations” among stakeholders, the deepness of leadership “embodied” into the management accounting function, and the effectiveness of management accounting principles and management accounting practices (MAPs) employed. This study contributes to the theory of management accounting by offering a framework for understanding of the evolution of financial function and management accounting. In practical terms, the results of the research could be applied to support decisions in transformation of financial function along its maturity continuum (both conducted internally by managers and/or with external support of consultants and advisors), supporting the process of reconciliation of current practices of a company being transformed to a proposed transformational strategy and chosen direction of implementation.
management accounting, maturity model, leadership
A Comparative Analysis on the Required Commercial Competences for Women Entrepreneurship Development in Selected Countries
The scientific report is based on a desk research and an on-line survey done within an Erasmus + project, under Key Action 2 – Cooperation for innovation and the exchange of good practices, High Education Sector, named European Partnership for Social Inclusion and Creation of Skills for Women Entrepreneurship E-learning. The project is realized by three partner countries and it is focused on the social inclusion of women wishing to develop their own business in the area of trade and logistics through integration into entrepreneurship, acquiring practical skills and competences in order to generate financial, cultural and social value. A comparative analysis of the trade competences required for the development of women's entrepreneurship in the three partner countries is done. In the analysis, a study of the necessary literature in order to establish the theoretical and methodological framework of the study was initially carried out. Via a study of the existing competency models in the field of trade, the key necessary competencies for the realization of a trader have been identified. They serve to develop a questionnaire and they are the basis for the comparative analysis between the three partner countries.
women's entrepreneurship, trade competences, comparative analysis.
Behavioral Analysis of Sustained Individual Investors
With a direct access to 32 self-directed investors from two European countries and the USA, we found that with experience, investors learn to mitigate well-studied behavioral biases while new biases and convictions emerge. The explorative interview method revealed reasons for seemingly irrational behavior not discovered by existing empirical studies using aggregated quantitative data. Thematic analyses were done using open coding and predefined concepts of mainstream and behavioral finance. The findings were contrasted with empirical literature and validated with expert interviews. Learning from mistakes, investors in our sample acknowledged the presence of emotions and built ways to mitigate behavioral issues. We found that overconfidence referenced in numerous studies diminishes after initial enthusiasm; underconfidence may emerge after painful losses. Illusion of control could not be identified. Instead, investors reported feeling of insufficient control on their investments. An important new bias candidate, tangibility bias was discovered which makes investors accept lower financial utility if they feel being in control of their investments. Tangibility bias contributes to less efficient portfolios due to the priority for small number of well-known investments instead of well-diversified but not transparent funds. Beyond decision-making biases, investors had developed experience-based convictions which may be rational or unfounded. Taking into account non-financial motivations, we argue that seemingly irrational actions have a purpose and efficacy.
self-directed investing, behavioral biases, decision-making, ecological rationality, portfolio management, underconfidence
Development and Structure of the Bulgarian Export After the Country’s Accession to the EU
Nowadays the European Union includes 28 countries. The last country that has signed an accession treaty was Croatia in 2013. The previous enlargement of the Union was in 2007 when Bulgaria and Romania became members. The accession process for these two countries took some time and was related to quite a lot of changes in the economic practices of both countries. The present article reviews the changes that occur in the Bulgarian foreign economic practice, more particularly in the export activity after Bulgaria's accession to the European Union in 2007. The paper analyses the trends in the development, structure and geographical distribution of the country's export during the 10-year period of the country’s EU membership (2007-2016). The main reasons and factors for the main trends are outlined. On the basis of a detailed comparative analysis of the situation before and after the EU accession, the authors try to assess the impact of European integration on the Bulgarian export practices, highlighting both positive and negative results. The paper also elaborates specific recommendations for improvement of the competitiveness of the Bulgarian economy in the context of the country's export changes.
competitiveness, export activities, EU membership, impact of the EU accession on the national economic development
The Management Process at the Pretrial Stage under Malaysian Rules of Court 2012
The pre-trial stage requires judicial attention as well as attention from solicitors representing the parties to the action to ensure that cases are managed and disposed within strict deadlines. This study recommends the use of management process activities that are commonly used by business organizations to manage civil cases in the Malaysian civil courts at the pre-trial stage. Therefore, the objectives of this study are; first, to examine whether the provisions under the Rules of Court 2012 are capable of delivering quality service in its role as the fortress of justice and how the understanding of management process can assist in the management and disposal of cases efficiently. The findings indicate that the activities of process management (namely planning, organizing, directing and controlling exercises) can be used as a practical guide for the court managers as well as solicitors acting for the parties to the action to understand the importance of abiding by the provisions of the Rules of Court 2012 so that the management and disposal of cases can be done in an efficient manner. Although this study does not analyze the various process management theories, it is expected that the preliminary findings might enrich present literature relating to the conduct of civil litigation and also provide an insight on possible adoption of a framework to be used as a guide in managing cases under the Rules of Court 2012.
Management process, pretrial stage, Rules of Court 2012, Malaysia
Do Macro-Economic and Technical Indicators Matter? - a Principal Component Analysis Approach for Equity Risk Premium Prediction
Equity risk premium contains the property of reflecting the fundamental judgments of individuals regarding risk that might exists in the economic market and the price associated with that risk. For ERP forecasting, attention is also devoted to technical indicators apart from the macro-economic variables. A set of 14 technical and 14 macro-economic variables is selected for this purpose and based on a standard predictive regression framework; all forecasts are generated by regressing ERP on a constant and a lag of macro-economic or technical indicator. It is found that as compared to macro-economic variables technical indicators provide better indications about ERP estimates. By using National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) data of business cycle expansion and recessions, relative strength of ERP predictability is also investigated and it is found more than twice for recessions as compare to expansions.
Equity Risk Premium; Macro-economic Indicators; Technical Indicators; Forecasting.
The Impact of Social Capital on FDI in Georgia
FDI brings capital, innovation exchanges and new employments and administration aptitude. In numerous nations, FDI inflow is lower than anticipated. In spite of the inclination for more extensive large scale level examinations of the particular social developments inside which financial exercises happen, a considerable measure of national-level investigations of the determinants of outside contributed firms have given careful consideration to the parts played by social capital and its unexpected incentive in influencing remote direct venture inflows. Drawing on the rationale of social capital and institutional hypothesis, this article looks to offer a correlative clarification of FDI by inspecting experimentally the national-level effects of social capital (trust and affiliated action) on FDI and the directing part of administrative quality in its connections. FDI is the essential part for an open and fruitful global monetary framework and a noteworthy instrument for improvement. In this condition, the paper looks at the advantages of FDI as a key segment for fruitful and feasible financial development and as a piece of a strategy to social change. The point is to feature the most vital channels through which FDI makes a huge and uncommon effect on the monetary advancement of the host nations.
FDI, Social capital, Social trust, Host country, Location factor
The Cross Thai-Cambodian Border’s Commerce Between 1863 -1953 from the View of French’s Documents
The purpose of this research aims to study and collect data with detailed information of the cross Thai-Cambodian border’s commerce in the past from French’s documents and to provide information as a guideline for potential development of Thai-Cambodian Border Trade. The method used in this research is the qualitative research. The research instrument used historical methods by collecting information from primary and secondary sources, then to analysis process. The research discovered the pattern of trade between Cambodia and Siam that started to be affected when borders were established. Since Cambodia was under French’s rule as one of French’s nation, France tried to delimit and demarcate the boundary lines which divided the community that once cohabitated into a community under new nation state. In each area, traditions, rules and laws are different, but people lived along the border continued to bring their goods to exchange for their livings. This habit is still continuing, even the living communities are divided into different countries. For such reason, it was the source of "Border trade” in western concept. The Thai-Cambodian border’s trade during that period under the French protectorate of Cambodia was effected because of the rules and law which illustrated the sovereignty of the land. At the same time, customs have been defined including several details that have affected the traditional trade. The border’s commerce was more sophisticated. The products had transformed according to the needs of the developed world market and social conditions.
The Economics of Waste Recycling in Iraq: Wasted Resources and Lost Opportunities
The issue of remediation and recycling wastes in contemporary civilization is of a paramount importance economically, this is because the human leaves behind him a huge amount of waste in various types through his consumption and his daily life practices and these wastes are handled incorrectly around the world. This has led to the destruction of many components of the environment as well as the tremendous waste of available resources in the recycling and re-processing operations of different types of wastes, such as reuse it as raw materials again or reuse it in production of electric power through flammable types. In Iraq, especially after 2003, this problem takes serious trends, with increasing human consumption and with great economic openness, which led to a complex problem through pollution of the environment, waste of resources and lack of vision and mechanisms to deal with the huge quantities of waste and inability of the private sector to contribute in solving this problem as it fits with the size of the daily flow of inhabitants of large and small cities, as well as inhabitants of the suburbs and countryside. As this requires a clear path to activate the business sector related to recycling in an integrated way with other economic sectors, and this is can be done through backward and forward connections by creating an economic sector with the participation of governmental and private efforts that rise to the scale of the problem and find the correct way to the proper solution to this economic path in a way that provides opportunities and invests resources and limit their waste.
Waste, Waste recycling, Wasted resources, Lost opportunities
Semiotics and the Shaping of Country of Origin Perceptions: Evidence from an Experimental Study
Firms often use semiotic cues, such as colours associated with foreign national identities, to influence consumers’ perceptions of a product’s country of origin. This study investigates whether incorporating the colours of the Italian flag on olive oil packaging alters American consumers’ perceptions of origin and how these perceptions affect downstream evaluations within the Stimulus-Organism-Response (SOR) framework. A quasi-experimental design using fictitious packaging was administered to U.S. consumers (n = 231) via MTurk. Although the stimulus successfully shifted perceived origin toward Italy, perceived origin did not significantly influence perceived quality, involvement, or brand trust. When the true origin (Portugal) was revealed, consumer evaluations did not deteriorate; instead, willingness to pay increased. These results suggest that semiotic cues can shape perceived origin but may not generate deeper evaluative effects unless strongly aligned with category-specific expectations. The study contributes to semiotics and country-of-origin research by demonstrating that symbolic cues may influence perception without affecting internal evaluations, and that origin disclosure does not necessarily elicit negative reactions. Insights into international branding strategies are discussed.
consumer perception, country-of-origin, colour, semiotics, Stimulus–Organism–Response (SOR) model, packaging cues, brand trust, revelation effects, international branding strategies
The Effect of Organizational Structure and Ngo-Ngo Relationships on Sustainability in NGOs
This study analyses the statistical relation among Sustainability, Organizational Structure and NGO-NGO relationships within the concept of Non-Governmental Organization (NGOs). Sustainability is the dependent variable of the study whereas independent variables are Organizational Structure and NGO-NGO relationships. Sustainability is conceptualized as the survival of the NGOs within the study. Within organizational structure the emphasis is on having either mechanistic or organic structure and finally NGO-NGO relationships refer to the level of closeness to the other NGOs as participation events of the other NGOs, organizing the events together and becoming members of NGO unions like federations and Confederations. Results indicate that both independent variables (Organizational Structure and NGO-NGO relationships) have positive affect on the sustainability of the NGOs. Linear regression has been utilized in order to determine the effect of the independent variables of the study and the dependent variable. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) has been used for the analysis.
UBT (University for Business and Technology), Lagjja Kalabria p.n., Prishtinë, Kosovë
The Reflections of Supply Chain Management Practices on R&D
The globalization of the world brings lots of interferences and relationships for the firms to have competitive advantage. As the logistics services has a very important role for both reducing the direct costs and the customer satisfaction, Supply Chain Management increases its importance by the large area of its effect for both inbound and outbound processes of logistics. R&D is also very critical for the firms to sustain themselves in the age of competition. The customers always desires the best and the most brand-new products on the cheapest price. So examining the relationship between these two very important factors is inevitable. In this paper, it is examined that what is the reflections of supply chain management practices on R&D.
Logistics, Supply Chain Management, R&D, Competitive Advantage.
Maturity-Model for the Evaluation of Investments into IIoT
The transition from the second industrial revolution (electrification) to the third industrial revolution (automation) was accompanied by a transformation of economy into a science with a powerful mathematic foundation. The methods developed do have some inaccuracies, such as the assumption that logical agents drive the market, an assumption that was realized to be a failure in the models not long ago. The models were developed in a transition phase, while the industrial revolution took place. The models are currently not mature enough to support companies in their investment strategies for the fourth industrial revolution, the age of digitalization and interconnectedness. The purpose of this study is to create a theoretical model for the process of creating a business case for the investment in technologies within the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT).
The Moderating Effect of Organisational Culture on the Relationship Between Workplace Learning and Employees’ Performances in the United Arab Emirates
The purpose of the current study was to elaborate the moderating effect of culture on workplace learning and employees’ performances in the United Arab Emirates. The study had a purpose to contribute new knowledge to the existing literature available on the workplace learning and job performances. It also highlighted the contemporary literature on the topic specifically formal and information learning, as well as, performance related to tasks and contextual. The research explained and highlighted the role of training and development on employees’ performances to improve the quality of task process. An empirical study was conducted and data was collected through questionnaire to obtain the results. The present study aimed to contribute to new knowledge to the existing literature on workplace learning and job performance. Particularly, the study analysed contemporary literature on workplace learning and job performances, specifically formal and informal learning as well as employee task performance and contextual performance. The study hypothesized that informal, incidental and formal workplace learning had direct positive significant relationships with employee task and contextual performance. Findings of the study developed that adopting effective techniques of workplace learning, and techniques can improve employees’ performances. The study, further, showed that the Informal, formal and incidental workplace learning had direct and positive impact on employee task and contextual performance. The study showed that there is a significant positive relationship between workplace learning including formal, informal and incidental learning, and job performance including task performance, contextual performance and counterproductive work behaviour. It was also found that there was a positive relationship between result-oriented cultures with two types of job performance but there was a significant relationship between team orient culture and task performance. Furthermore, the moderating effect of innovation, communication and people-oriented culture on the relationship between incidental workplace learning and contextual performance was significant.
Workplace learning, informal workplace learning, incidental workplace learning, task performance, contextual performance, counterproductive work behaviour, organisational culture
Hospital Location Selection with Grey System Theory
The facility location selection is one of the most important decisions for investors and entrepreneurs. It is a strategic issue besides often decides the fate of such a facility. In this kind of strategic decisions, decision makers should take into account various objectives and criteria and the process of location selection is inherently complicated. This paper considers the hospital location selection for a new public hospital by using Gray Relational Analysis (GRA) and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Gray Relational Analysis have been developed based on Grey System Theory. Grey System Theory is an interdisciplinary approach which first quantified by Deng in the early 1980’s as an alternative method in creating the uncertainty have been proposed. The basic idea of emergence is to estimate the behavior of the systems which cannot be overcome by the stochastic or fuzzy methods with limited number of data. In this paper, the weights of criteria have been determined by using Analytic Hierarchic Process, then the grey relational degrees have been calculated for each alternative location.
Gray Relational Analysis, Analytic Hierarchy Process, Location Selection.
Financial Literacy and Level of Financial Competence in Pre-University Students: A Comparison by Academic, Personal and Family Profile
The aim of this paper is to diagnose the level of personal financial knowledge of to date pre-university students in the Valencian Community, Spain. This is carried out by means of a double measure, one of which is a novel approach. First, we analyze their level of financial literacy, using the Basic Financial Literacy Test designed by the World Bank in 2012. Second, we determine their level of financial competence, enhancing the abovementioned test to a total of 17 questions, in order to provide a comprehensive view of their understanding of personal finance concepts. Both instruments were fully completed by a total of 1283 pre-university students of the Valencian Community during the 2017/2018 academic year. In both cases, comparisons were made by academic (level of studies, subjects studied and results to date) and personal profile (gender, influence level of their main role model and its activity as entrepreneur). We applied descriptive and inferential analysis techniques, such as Test t, Chi-square, Anova and Krustal Wallis. Obtained results show how groups with different academic background and achievement obtain significantly different results in both financial literacy and competence tests; however, when breaking down different measures of the former academic profile, results are heterogeneous. Finally, we find, with little exceptions, no significant differences between different personal profiles.
financial literacy, financial competence, pre-university education, personal finance
Opportunities for Increasing Efficiency by Public Utility Organizations
The result and expenditure based performance measurement and evaluation are much the same age in the private sector with the modern enterprise theory. It is enough to make an overview of the Anglo-Saxon and German literature between the two world wars, which pays significant attention on the economic and work organizational tools and methods of enterprise level performance measurement and improvement. The public sphere and within this the issue of operational and economic efficiency measurement of public utility organizations has got a more modest past and methodological framework, although its significance is not smaller. The authors in their research make an attempt to compensate it, when they make suggestions for the performance evaluation process and methods of public utility organizations.
performance management, public utility organizations, public
The Link Between Innovation Behaviors and Productivity Strategies of Enterprises in Albanian Economic Growth
This paper investigates the nexus between innovation behaviors and productivity levels in Albanian enterprises, identifying them as the primary engines of job creation and sustainable economic growth. By underscoring the strategic importance of firm-level innovation for Albania’s long-term development, the study addresses a notable gap in existing literature. Methodologically, the research employs a regression model and the Johansen co-integration test to analyze longitudinal data from 1991 to 2013, focusing specifically on the relationship between GDP per worker and employment figures. The findings demonstrate that integrated innovation strategies are not merely incidental but fundamental to increasing labor productivity and fostering a resilient economy. Ultimately, the study provides a quantitative framework for understanding how enterprise-level dynamics influence macroeconomic stability, offering crucial insights for policymakers dedicated to enhancing Albania’s competitive edge in the global market through targeted support for innovative business practices and efficient labor utilization.
Sustainability Reporting in Turkey: Analysis of Companies in the BIST Sustainability Index
Sustainability reporting is a responsibility practice that towards sustainable development goals as related to corporate performance measurement, explaining and being accountable to internal and external stakeholders. Non-financial information relating to operating activities can be disclosed through sustainability reports. Sustainability reporting is a vital step of managing change towards a sustainable global economy—one that combines long-term profitability with environmental care and social justice. Sustainability reports developed using the GRI Reporting Framework covers results and consequences the emerged in the context of organization's commitments, strategy and management approach during the reporting period. Through the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) Sustainability Reporting Framework, the GRI works to increase the transparency and exchange of sustainability-related information. The Borsa Istanbul Sustainability Index, published since 2014 is an important development for the business in Turkey which is aimed sustainable development. Sustainability reports have been prepared on a voluntary basis in Turkey and in many countries. In line with global developments the number of business is increasing who prefer to explain activities of economic, environmental and social dimensions through corporate sustainability reports in Turkey as well. This study conceptually reviews sustainability reporting and its benefits for the business. In order to see the effectiveness of the sustainability reports, sustainability reports of business in the BIST sustainability index will be subjected to content analysis basis GRI Reporting Principles on voluntary basis.
Sustainability Reporting, Sustainability Index, Global Reporting Framework, Application Level
Certificate of Ethics in Accounting and Professional Independence of Accountants
Ethical standards in accounting constitute an important element in the functioning of economic entities and in presenting reliable financial information used by all stakeholders when taking important decisions. In order to analyse the issue of using accounting ethics, a survey which indicated the determinants of unethical behaviour and the possibilities for improving the situation in terms of their observing and ways of strengthening their independence was conducted. Following the study, a concept of implementing an account books certificate which estimates their accuracy in the legal and ethical aspects was formulated.
SME’s Performance Through Comparative Performance Indicators, Measured by Business Statistics- Albania Case
Now days there is a global consensus among all stakeholders that SMEs represent a driving force to the overall economic development, due to their significant contribution both on GDP and employment of national economies. SMEs also by numbers dominate the world business stage, although their contribution does vary among the countries. SMEs in Albania represents about 98% of the total enterprises with a contribution to national GDP for about 70%. The structure and the performance of national economy is depended very much on the economic performance and contribution of SME, that’s why most of the governments have strategic programmes which support the SME’s development. To measure SMEs’ performance and their ability to compete on national and international markets requires a lot of information in all aspects. Through this paper the author aims to measure and analyze the economic performance of SMEs operating in Albania. To achieve this objective, official data on business statistics published by national the statistical office (INSTAT) are used for two years period 2014-2015. In addition using an international framework addressed to the objective “improve the techniques for SMEs productivity measurement”, for the first time, a set of comparative performance indicators is established and in doing so, those results can be used as term of reference in future research activities in SMEs sector. From the results it came out that although the positive growth rate of GDP during the last years , the performance indicators of SMEs show a slightly negative trend, indicating indirectly the need for support, in order to empower their contribution in national economy.
SMEs, performance indicators, business statistics, INSTAT
Analysis of the Digital Skills in the Eu Labor Market. a Case Study of the Banking Sector.
The digitisation of the economy has been a global trend in the last decade and more significantly during the last five years. The European Union recognises that digitalisation changes the structure of the labour market, affecting employment and income distribution. Over the last ten years, digital technologies have entered more and more sectors of the European economy. Over 40% of EU workers have been involved in changing and/or replacing the technologies they use at work. Structural changes in the labour market in Europe are closely correlated with the very high demand for advanced digital skills in the coming years.This paper analyses the political, economic, socio-cultural and technological factors affecting the development of digital skills in the European Union (PEST analysis), with a focus on the banking sector.
digital skills; digital competences; ICT; labour market; digitalisation
Cash Benefits for Sickness and Maternity in Selected States of the European Union and Austerity Measures
The paper introduces the results of the research focused on cash benefits for sickness and maternity in selected Member States of the European Union during the financial crisis and concerns the economic and demographic data. The aim was to determine whether and to what extent the expected austerity measures touched the monitored social area. For the paper we studied the situation from 2009 to 2014, especially in relation to employees and employers. Regarding the methods of the research, the authors gathered the data obtained from the relevant legal, statistical and other printed documents as well as the documents from the website of the European Union, relevant national ministries, social insurance companies, sickness funds and similar institutions. They undertook a legal, economic and demographic data analysis and consequently its comparisons as well as the final evaluation.
social security, health insurance, maternity cash benefit, macroeconomic factors
Locus of Responsibility for Professional Development in the Perspective of Organizations and Individuals – the Results of Empirical Research in Poland
Modern companies operate under conditions of permanent change. A changing organization must be accompanied by changing - developing people. Therefore, if the development is imperative, the question is who has responsibility for it, is it the organization that makes human resources its strategic resource, or is it the employees who, in times of change, redefine the relation to the work. The answer to that question is not conclusive; therefore the article presents a dialectical approach to the responsibility for professional development, which may be located on the side of the organization, the employee or be the result of cooperation between these entities. Based on the results of own research conducted in Poland, a comparison was made of the locus of responsibility for development in the perspective of the organization and employees. The analysis was based on the results of own research conducted in Poland in 2015 on a representative sample of 289 companies and 2,274 employees (The project was funded from means of the National Science Centre conferred on the basis of the decision No DEC-2013/09 / B / HS4 / 02722). The results of the research allowed for a comparative analysis of the prospects of companies surveyed, and identification of discrepancies in this regard. This knowledge can provide guidance for the design of systems of human resources management in order to increase their effectiveness by matching organizational solutions to the expectations of employees.
organizational behaviour, locus of responsibility, professional development
Decision Analysis Framing and Motivation Application in Business and Tourism
This article examines the implications of framing in decision analysis and proposes a tool under rationality that incorporates attributes of behavioral models. The proposed approach suggests that decision agents make an overall assessment of their state-conditional alternatives in association with exogenous environmental and social factors, resulting in an overall score of urgency that can be considered as the resource pool of motivation. The process is formulated as a state-contingent input-requirement set and it is able to explain behavioral biases such as the certainty and pseudo-certainty effects, issues of Knightian uncertainty, risk management and innovation. A Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) formulation is also presented and an application of case analysis on business and tourism.
decision, analysis, framing, motivation, application, business, tourism
Cultural Diversity as a Source of Conflict in the Focus of Non-Governmental and International Organizations: Bosnian Case Study
The article tackles the issue of cultural diversity as a phenomenon present in many multicultural communities that encompass representatives of different ethnic, national or religious traditions. Bosnia-Herzegovina provides an example of one of such communities, subject to analysis within the framework of this paper. The author firstly concentrates on the issues related to terminology of “cultural diversity” and “non-governmental organization”, their specificity and interpretations. Then, an Introduction to Bosnian multiculturalism is made, displaying its local features, followed by a presentation of various NGO’s activities with reference to Bosnian war and its aftermath. The focus is on the regional organizations that make the effort to reconstruct the multicultural bond, revealing its educational potential. The final analysis considers intercultural aspects of such approach to cultural differences that can become a point of reference in educational projects oriented at cross-cultural learning and intercultural dialogue. The latter, in turn, could contribute to the process of shaping constructive attitudes to representatives of the culturally diverse traditions.
cultural diversity, NGOs, war in Bosnia, civic society,